Production Planning And Control System Commerce Essay

Production Planning And Control System Commerce Essay Businesses can be of different types. Some industries focus on providing the customers with different types of services. Some others concentrate on selling of products. Majority of ventures are in the business of manufacturing something or the other. To start with, you would need some basic raw materials to which you would add some value to make something else. Simply put, this is production. Therefore, we can say that production is a business process in which a raw material is converted into finished or semi-finished products, in the process adding value to the of utility of products. This production procedure is measured by calculating the difference between the value of what goes into the production and the value of what is produced in the end. The things which go into the making of things are called the inputs and what is produced in the end is called the outputs. Say for example, if you want to manufacture dresses you will need cloth, labor, and machines at the primary level. These are all inputs. The end product, that is the dress, is the output. What is meant by production? Production can be described as a process of manufacturing or producing goods for trading purpose. It is a method that uses the intangible inputs like creativity, ideas, knowledge, research and perception in action. With the help of these intangible inputs, the tangible inputs like the raw materials are converted into finished products and made ready to be sold in the market. Production Function In mathematics, a function determines the relation between a set of inputs and the set of outputs. Similarly production function is that kind of a function through which assumed specification is made by the industry or a firm about the output in relation to all the input which went into the project. Production function serves to cater to the customer needs and demands in a cost effective way. Therefore planning and carrying out the production function in an efficient way is of prime importance to obtain this objective. Production Management Managing anything has to include proper planning at the initial level. The same thing is applicable in case of production management. You start with planning about how the production procedure will take place. Then you organize it according to your needs or requirements only after which you can execute the plan, direct and control the production activities. Hence, we can say that production management is the managing process which deals with the conversion of raw materials to the finished products that too in an economical way. Production management is guided by 6 Ms- a) money, b) men, c) materials, d) machines, e) methods and f) markets. If the same concept is applied to the management of services then the subsequent management activities are termed as operation management. Definitions of Production Management Here are some common and widely accepted definitions of production management: Production management deals with decision-making related to production processes so that the resulting goods or service is produced according to specification, in amount and by the schedule demand and at minimum cost. Elwood Spencer Buffa Production management,  also called  operations management, deals with planning and control of industrial processes to ensure that they move smoothly at the required levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.In manufacturing operations, production management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and control issues involving capacity and quality, and organization and supervision of the workforce. -Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Hence, we can easily say that, production management is the conversion of production inputs into outputs which when distributed in the market will cater to meet the demands of consumers. History of Production and Operation Management Industrial Revolution For over two and half centuries, production and operation management has been regarded as one of the important factors responsible for the economic growth and development of any country. With the outbreak of the industrial revolution in England in the mid 1700s a havoc change was observed in the industrial sectors. The changes began to be observed when the stream engine was invented by James Watt in 1764. It largely replaced the man power in the factories. In the year 1776 Adam Smith published his revolutionary book, The Wealth of Nations, where he talked about the specialization of labors in manufacturing and the economic benefits it avails to an industry. Therefore, the factories of the late 18th century experienced not only the use of the power by the newly invented machines but also new means of planning and controlling a factory production. About the same time the concept of division of labors came into being. Rapidly the industrial revolution spread from England to the other parts of Europe and also to America. Further development was observed as an American named Eli Whitney came up with the concepts of interchangeable parts and cost accounting. Early 1800s saw the advent of electricity and gasoline engines which enhanced the industrial revolution to a great extent. During the post civil war period an increased rate of production capacity was recorded which on the other hand led to growth of the capital. A massive production explosion followed in the newly developed U.S. market. Scientific Management- The concepts of scientific management, work study and time study was introduced by Frederick Taylor. He talked of the shop system as well which brought the skill, strength and learning ability of the workers into question. The shop system was the first to initiate the idea of the incentive pay. Specification of materials, methods of work and routing systems were used to organize the shop. It was the Ford Motor Company who embodied the major facets like interchangeable parts, low manufacturing cost, mass production, and standardized designs of the product of scientific management in 1920s. The scientific management was popularized by Henry Ford, who used it in his firms. These approaches helped him in maximizing the production at the plant. Operational Research System- During the Second World War enormous resources were installed. Military operational research squads were formed to deal with the complications of the deployment. P.M. Blacker is regarded as one of the main contributors in the field of operational research application in the Second World War. The operational system brought to the fore front the positive aspects of the system which helped the operational manager to control the complexities of production. Service Revolution- The publication of the Hawthorne studies in the 1930s revealed that human factors are influencing the production process to a great extent. The study report said that the ambiences, sociological and psychological conditions of the worker are affecting the production. It was the behavioralists who talked about these factors which made the industrialists change the way of treating the factory workers. The idea of the labors responding positively to the attention thus paid to them came to be acknowledged as the Hawthorne effect. The change in the thought process and the introduction of this new philosophy had a tremendous impact on the production planning and control system of the factories. Studies showed that the due to the increased use of machineries work became monotonous to the workers which affected the rate of production. In order to resolve this problem the workers were conferred a greater role in the planning procedure of the whole production so that they c an find interest in their work. Computer Revolution- It was the 1930s which witnessed the advent of the computer age. There was an explosive growth in the communication technology. Gathering information became very easy as everyone had an effortless access to it. Advancement in the software technology made the people aware about the usage of e-mails. More and more plants took initiation in starting E- Business. A special computerized system known as the Material Requirement Planning was developed which proved to be very useful in managing the business. Where we stand now? Today the whole production or operational management wholly stands on the demands and needs of the customers and providing them with quality products. This is because the competition level in the market is very high and in order to build and maintain the image and reputation of a company, customer satisfaction is the absolutely necessary. Other factors which are influencing the operational management these days are the advancement of the technologies, competition in the world wide market, cost challenges etc. Why Production and Operation Management is required? Any firm or industry needs production management. To achieve all its objectives- Every firm or industry possesses certain objectives behind the projects they undertake. Production management enables the firm to fulfill all its objectives in time and at the same time fulfill the demands of the customer. To gain reputation as well as to build up a good image in the market- One of the main objectives of production management is to satisfy the consumers. Production management helps in achieving this goal. Aids other functional fields- Production management aids the functional field of the industry or firm. Other functional sphere includes finance, personnel and marketing. It will be easier for the marketing department to sell good quality goods which in turn helps the financial department to gain more finances due to the increase of the sale of the products. This will also enable the company to acquire loans for expanding the firm. Proper management of the production will also help the personnel sector to handle the human resources properly and increase the efficiency of the resource. Aids in promoting new products- Production management controls the research and development section of the firm. It enables to study the market and needs of the customer depending on which they can introduce newly manufactured goods in the market. Helps in coping up with the competition level in the market- Same products may be produced by other companies as well. Production management helps the firm to cope up with the competition level in the market by keeping the quality, price, quantity of the products as per needs of the consumers. Produce the goods in a cost effective way- Cost of production can be checked and reduced to a great extent through proper management of production. It tries to minimize the input keeping the output to the optimum level. Maximize the use of resources- Production management assists in maximization of the use of resources like machines, human resources etc. Helps the firm to grow- Production management helps the company to expand itself which in turn enables the firm to yield greater profit. Production management is important to the consumers because- Improves the standard of living of the people The research work that the production department carries out reveals the demands and needs of the consumers which the industries cater to fulfill. This increases as well as improves the standard of lining of the people as they get to use good and new products. Enhances the economy- Production management helps to produce goods in a cost effective way. This leads to the proper economic growth of the country. Decreases the problem of unemployment- Unemployment is a major problem of our country. The activities of the production department of any firm open up many job prospects for the people. Quality of the products increases- As mentioned earlier production management controls the research and development sector of a firm. These researches help to provide the customers with the better quality of the product. Provides the customers with low cost products- Production management facilitate the customers with low cost products so that the majority of the population can avail that product for use. What is a system? System as we understand comprises of various sects which works together as a unit. All the processes are interdependent and function as a whole. The system operates with a distinct intention to fulfill the predetermined objectives. Massive systems are often a compilation of various sub-systems. Production System In a broader sense production system is the framework which supports all kinds of production activities that may take place within an organization. The process of manufacturing involves the conversion of inputs into outputs. A suitable designing of production system makes sure the coordination of the different procedures which undergoes in the production. There is no hard and fast rule that only a single pattern of production system is to be followed universally and have to be applied to all kinds of productions. It differs from one project to another. Definition The methods which include all functions required to collect the inputs, process or reprocess the inputs and produce the saleable outputs. Ray Wild defines production or operation system as a configuration of resources combined for the provision of goods and services. Production system has three main components namely- inputs, conversion process and outputs. Inputs comprise of machines, man-power, capital, raw materials, drawings, paper works. Conversion process includes all kinds of processes and procedures which can be mechanical or manual or chemical. These operations are responsible for converting all the inputs into the desired outputs. This stage of production system also has some supporting operations like obtaining of raw materials, storing, production planning, product designing etc. Outputs comprise of the end products which the firm will provide it to the customers like services, finished goods etc. Production management.png A Systematic Diagram of Production System Types of Production System In general there are two types of production system. They are- Continuous Production- It is a process which is used to produce products without any hindrance in a continuous way. This type of production system is void of any interruption. Continuous production is often referred to as continuous flow process or continuous process. It is so named because the raw materials which go into making of the product are continuously moving and at the same time are exposed to chemicals or heat or cold as required in the making of the product. By continuous we mean running twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, with rare shutdown of the working force which can be quarterly, semi-annually or annually. Goods are manufactured on a massive scale in a continuous production. They are not produced depending on the customers orders. This system of production requires huge investment in machineries. This type of production system is found in oil refineries, power stations etc. Characteristics of Continuous Production Production is continuous. Large scale production of goods takes place. Does not depend on the customers orders. Standardized products are produced. Quality of the goods is predetermined. Types of Continuous Production System Mass production flows-Here same kind of product is manufactured to fulfill the demand of the market. This system needs good planning for material, process, maintenance of machines and instruction to operators. Process production flows- The distinction between mass and process production is the kind of product a firm produces. Mass production manufactures the same products and is produced in a large scale. If the demand ceases, the machineries are used for manufacturing products of similar nature after slight modification. In process production, the plant and equipment is designed for a specific product. Hence if the demand falls for the product or ceases, the firm cannot be used for manufacturing other products. Intermittent Production System Unlike continuous production system intermittent production system as the name suggests is such a system where goods are produced on the basis on customers orders. Usually the goods are produced in a small scale. The production flow is not constant. Various types of products of various sizes are produced in this type of system. The system is very plastic. Ex- Production found in automobile plants, electric goods plants. Characteristics of Intermittent Production System Production is not continuous. Halts are made frequently. Various kinds of goods are produced. Machines used for general purpose is used. Production depends on the order of the clients. The level of production is usually small. Types of intermittent production system Project Production Flows- Here a firm accepts a single complex contract or order. The project has a deadline within which the contract has to be finished that too within an approximate calculated cost. Project production flows include projects like building a high rise, constructing a dam or an airport. Resource requirements are high at the beginning of the project but ultimately ceases as the project nears its end. Job Production Flows- Items are manufactured only on the basis of specifications made by the customers. The cost is determined at the time of signing the project. Highly skilled labors are required in job production flows. Ex- Services the tailoring shops, repairing stores provide. Batch Production Flows- The production schedule is decided before commencing on the project. It depends on the estimate of consumers demands or upon the specific customers orders. The manufacturing process of the product is divided into a number of batches sequentially. Each batch is to be completed first to start with the next. A detailed production planning is required in batch production flows. Ex. Manufacturing of drugs. Factors Influencing Production Process Supplies The production or manufacturing process largely depends on the supplies of raw materials. If the supply of materials is hampered due to problems like transportation or bad weather, the fixed target cannot be achieved within the promised time. On the contrary if there is a smooth supply of materials then the flow of production will be normal and the production schedule can be easily followed. Power Supply- For running any plant, supply of incessant power is required. Even if the power supply is gets disrupted temporarily can have a great impact on the production process. Machineries and Equipments- A sudden shut down of any of the machineries of the equipments used in the production of product can lead to minimization of the production rate. Continual operations of the equipments are necessary in order to improve the efficiency of the machines. Man Power- The labors directly associated with the manufacturing process can influence the production in many ways. For example, sick leaves and vacations taken by key workers have a negative impact on manufacturing. Capacity of the plant is also influences the production procedure of a firm. The larger the firm, the larger will be the production, all the other factors remaining constant. Flexibility- The production process should be elastic in order to adapt to the changes that take place during the production process. Product Design Designing a product by a firm includes a strategic procedure of planning to create a new product to be sold to the customers. The product design is one of the most crucial and sensitive aspect for an organization. Success or failure of the sale of the product depends on a number of factors which ultimately decides the reputation and image of the company in the market. So during the designing period of the product there are a number of things which need to be paid heeded to. Everything is analyzed while designing a product right from what the general public likes to the cost and the process which undergoes in making the product. Production Planning and Control (PPC) The main aim of any manufacturing plant is to produce the products. Therefore the production is the core of the entire business operations. It is the driving force to which all the other functions of the plant depend. Once the industrialist has taken the decision about the product design, the next step he takes is planning the production and chalk out the controlling process. This is very much important for the economical aspect of the project. PPC is absolutely necessary for the small scale industries. A question may arise that why controlling of the manufacturing process is required. Well production planning without production control is like a school without the Headmaster. Planed decisions when put to action can go wrong, but checking the damage due to the mishap is production control. Objectives of Production Planning and Control a) To determine the ability of all producing sectors b) To plan the manufacturing activities in a systematic order depending on the sales demand of the market c) To endorse the fullest utilization of the firm d) To train labors for effective performance e) To ensure means of finding out the manufacturing needs and requirements so that the materials needed for the production can be attained at right time in the right quality as well as quantity f) To maintain coordination between the various sectors of the production process. Stages of Production Planning and Control The following tree will show you what the stages of PPC are PPC.png Production Planning and Control Process Production Planning It is a practice of foreseeing the stages of production process before commencing on a distinct project and also to judge the efficiency level of all those stages through which the maximum profit of the industry can be brought about at the scheduled time. It enables the entrepreneur to estimate the quantity of raw materials, money and labors to be needed for the production. Routing It helps in determining the course and progression of the production activities of a plant. The machines which will be required for the operations and the executives to be engaged for the work are determined in the routing stage. The main intention of routing is arrange the production procedure in a cost effective manner. It also makes sure that the decided sequential arrangement is followed firmly. The discussion about the quality and estimation of the cost of the product to be produced is also done in the routing stage. Scheduling Scheduling means determining the approximate time to be taken by each production activity and also all the operations taken together. It highly differs from one job to the other. Time is the main factor which is worked upon at this stage of production planning. Loading Here the schedule planned in the previous step is put into practice. Loading therefore decides who will be given the responsibility to do the work at hand. It helps in judging the existing work load and also to predict how early the remaining work can be finished. Production Control As mentioned earlier every production process must be controlled to keep the process running smoothly and fulfill the production of the products within the specified time. The production control department can perform effectively only when the financial manager, personnel manager, work manager and purchase manager works together in case of small scale industry. Dispatching To start a production process an authorization is required which is done in this stage. From the movement of materials to the different work stations, keeping a track of the cost occurred in each operation of the production, inspection of the activities are all looked after in the dispatching stage of the production control. This step is very significant because it converts the production plan into action. Follow Up Follow up, also regarded as reporting, is that stage of production control where the follies of the production plan or in the schedule structure of the operations are recorded. The main objective behind the follow up stage is to make sure all the decided plans and programs are been followed. It finds out whether there is any deviation from the production plan or not. And if there is any, immediate action is taken to resolve the fault and finish the production within the scheduled time. Inspection This stage is concerned about checking the quality of the finished goods because it is the most vital factor as the image, the name and the reputation of the company in the market depends on it Corrective Measures Corrective measures involve all those activities which are done to rectify the faults which may have occurred in the routing, scheduling, loading scheduling or in any of the stages of the production planning or control system. Decisions regarding the inclusion of more labors, transfer of personnel to other work stations, training of the employees are also taken in the corrective stage. Conclusion From the above discussion one thing can be easily understood that without efficient planning and control no business company can fulfill its objective of earning a profit. Production planning and control becomes very much crucial for the small scale industries because they frequently face the challenge of producing goods at a very low cost. Production planning not only aids the companies to determine the convenient production procedure they need to follow but also reveals the risk factors which they are likely to face during the manufacturing process.

An Enemy Of The People :: essays research papers

An Enemy of the People An Enemy of the People, written by Henrik Ibsen was a play written to show his disgust for the in felt during a hostile reception given to him by the Norwegian public and critics to his earlier play, Ghosts. An Enemy of the People is a story about a doctor that discovered that the town he lives in, has become a cesspool. After discovering the town’s beloved bath, which is supposedly helps people get better and is the main reason the town has visitors from across the county come visit it, has become polluted with bacteria that is caused from the water pipes underground. This resulted in visitors going away from the town with Typhoid and other sicknesses. Dr. Stockmann, which is the discoverer of the pollution, tries to tell the townspeople that they need to fix the water pipes and bath. Facing a large amount of resistance from his brother the mayor, Hovstad the newspaper editor, and many of the townspeople. This results in Dr. Stockmann lashing out at the whole town for its ignorance and lies that this town is built on causing Dr. Stockmann to become an enemy of the people and being out-casted among his town that he loves. The purpose of this book was to show Ibsen’s content toward society in knowing the truth. This play was written in 1882 in Europe. At that time, Ibsen wanted to show the reality of things that are built on lies and for people to become more scientific in their studies rather than being religious wise. Ibsen was met with a handful of critics forcing him to become angered at society. An Enemy of the People does a good job showing society in Europe at that time when people weren’t that interested in technology and the truth. People didn’t care about having rights and allowed their superior to have the say in everything. This one quote which I found had much significance in the definition of this time period was from Mrs. Stockmann. â€Å"Dr. Stockmann: Yes, but I have right on mine!† â€Å"Mrs. Stockmann: Right! Yes, of course. But what’s the use of right without might?† This pointed to me that at this time period, yes, men were guaranteed rights, but the only men that can exercise those rights were the powerful men. Ibsen started off this play with everybody getting along. Dr. Stockmann was on the good side of Hovstad and the rest of the media of the town. Then, Ibsen slowly in the play, shows points of Dr.

Cyber Crimes Essay

What are cybercrimes and what do they consist of? Cybercrimes are defined as any illegal activity that uses a computer. The justice department goes a little more in depth and describes cybercrimes as using a computer for the storage of evidence. Cybercrimes have increased over time to something more than we could have ever imagined. The internet is went into full affect in the ear of 1990 when the Arpanet officially split into two separate networks to further facilitate usage and prevent military secrets from being found so easily. This is when the basis of cybercrime first began. There are cybercriminals which exist simply because they are drawn to the information that is contained by the World Wide Web. Nowadays, cybercriminals are much harder to track as they have evolved from the basic computer geeks who merely send viruses to another computer in efforts to crash it. They are far more advanced, and seek to steal information for their own personal gain. There are several different types of cyber criminals. They include: Script kiddies; who lack the experience to hack the larger mainframe systems. However, they are capable of doing some type of damage to unsecured systems. These types of criminals are also known as â€Å"hacker wannabes†. Also are scammers who flood one’s email with false advertisement and junk mail. The send catchy subject line for gullible victims and include links in the emails that absorb information from the victims computer. â€Å"Hacker groups usually work anonymously and create tools for hacking. They often hack computers for no criminal reason and are sometimes even hired by companies wanting to test their security† (Batke, 2011). The considered highest risk of all cyber criminals are â€Å"Insiders†. â€Å"They may only be 20% of the threat, but they produce 80% of the damage. They often reside within an organization† (Batke, 2011). The fact that there are cyber criminals establishes a new set of victims which mostly include people that are lonely, gullible, and have low self-esteem. When attacking the lonely, gullible, low self-esteemed individuals, cyber criminals normally seek their prey on social networking sites. Normally, the criminals use false identities to entice the victims. One the victim is deceived, they tend to for a sense of trust and release all sorts of personal information. This is why it is always important to keep personal information completely confidential. If one is dealing with networks that require information such as full names, social security numbers, addresses, banking information or even medical records, he or she should search or specific icons or notices within the website that assures their security. A common tactic that is used by cyber criminals is called â€Å"The New Kid Ruse†. This is when the suspect created fake webpages and uses fake images to give the idea that they are someone else in efforts to divvy up the victims personal information. Once the criminal gets one small piece of information they tend to sink the hook of deception even deeper. These acts get serious. They get so serious that eventually the cybercriminal begins to threaten the victim with exploitation if he or she does not surrender to their demands; saying that the information that has already been retrieved will be set abroad to ruin the victim’s reputations if they do not comply. â€Å"The case of Christopher Patrick Gunn, 31, of Montgomery, Alabama, who was sentenced last month to 35 years in prison for producing child pornography through a massive online sextortion scheme, provides a glimpse of how modern-day confidence men are plying their trade against the most vulnerable and unsuspecting victims† (The FBI, 2013). In this particular case, Gunn lured many minors into performing lewd acts via webcam and email. He had exploited large sums of teenage girls in various states that include Mississippi and Louisiana. He even stretched this heinous activity to some teenagers in Ireland. Cybercrimes include smallest crimes you could think of and the biggest crimes imaginative. Fraud is a cybercrime people use to commit anywhere from insurance scams and identity theft. Identity theft is a crime in which a person collects vital information from someone such as their social security number in order to pretend to be someone that they are obviously not. Just this one type of cybercrime is becoming more of a problem every day. Harassment is an example of cybercrime in which I consider to be bullying. This type of crime is done without much thought or consideration of the next person. Cybercrimes also include but are not limited to cyber stalking, cyber terrorism, drug trafficking, scamming, exchanging files of copyright material, and obscene or offensive content shared over the internet.

Systems of Equations by Substitution Worksheets

I Dream - 1534 Words

â€Å"All men are created equal†, was proclaimed by our forefathers in the declaration of independence, and is the foundation of the American Dream. Since James Truslow Adams coined the term â€Å"American Dream† in1931 (Wiki), a hope for the fulfillment of â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.† Yet, in this era, the harsh reality of poverty threatened life, restricted liberties, and covered happiness with dust. As FDR put it so well, â€Å"For too many of us life was no longer free; liberty no longer real; men could no longer follow the pursuit of happiness.† (Teslow Lecture) So why would Adams conceive of the â€Å"American Dream† in the midst of the economic disparity in the Great Depression? Perhaps it was because we don’t know what we have until†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"During WWI, wheat brought record-high prices on the world market, and for the next twenty years farmers turned the region into a vast wheat factory† (OOM pg. 675) This destroyed the native grasses and top soil. When the drought and dust storms hit, tens of millions of acres of rich topsoil blew away. A Denver journalist named the worst region near eastern Colorado the â€Å"Dust Bowl†. â€Å"Black blizzards of dust a mile and a half high rolled across the landscape, darkening the sky †¦Dust storms made it difficult to breathe. â€Å"Dust pneumonia â€Å"and other respiratory infections afflicted thousands (OOM pg. 675). â€Å" The photo â€Å"Farmer and Sons in Dust Storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936† by Arthur Rothstein (DAP pg. 269), captures the horror of this disaster. A father and his two small sons cover their eyes from the black air that permeat es the photo. They are making their way for cover to a small dilapidated shack the size of a shed. The shack appears to likely provide little protection from the darkness that is filling their lungs. Other than the shack, and the people, the photo shows nothing. The land is barren; there are neither animals nor even roads are shown. The photo leaves us to wonder how they survive, or even if they will. If they were to leave, would they have to do so on foot? With the storms, and the lack of money, they are essentially trapped. Photos like these, as well as literature about the devastation led to national sympathy. FDR tried to address thisShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of I Have Dream838 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King s I Have a Dream: Critical Thinking Analysis Charles Briscoe PRST 3301 16 October 2012 In Martin Luther King Jr. s seminal 1963 speech I Have a Dream, King uses a number of critical thinking processes in order to present his argument. 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This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but very close. One of the repetitions in his speech is â€Å"I have a dream.† He uses this phraseRead MoreI Have a Dream Speech by Dr. Martin L. King, Jr.1129 Words   |  5 Pageson the speech †I Have a Dream† by Martin L. King, Jr. August 28, 1963 was a day that will never be forgotten, in particular not by the citizens of Washington, DC. The city where the great Lincoln memorial gazes across the reflecting pool. Where Lincoln himself, recreated in stone, is looking at the visitors of the city as a president who will never leave his position. At exactly that day and exactly that spot Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his most famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. Martin Luther

Making Sustainable Change Happen Coursework Example

Essays on Making Sustainable Change Happen Coursework The paper "Making Sustainable Change Happen" is a brilliant example of coursework on finance and accounting. Thesis Statement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The finance and accounting field is regulated by the Financial Accounting and Standards Board (FASB), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (Chorafas, 2000). Change is inevitable in such a field because of the lack of autonomous regulation. It might take the form of system overhaul or modification of current systems, but no standard is completely independent of other standards.Making Sustainable Change Happen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the contemporary world, financial matters are shifting to more complex systems. All organizations that are for-profit operate a financial reporting system governed by a set of internal controls. Accounting standards ought to adjust to accommodate the modern-day sophisticated financial reporting systems. The accounting field is limited by complexity, uncertainty, and volatility. Managers should acknowledg e the need for making sustainable changes throughout all business operations to ensure that financial reporting meets the desired results.Adopting Change within the Organization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unless the attitudes of people within the organization are willing to accept change, it may prove difficult to make sustainable change. Adopting change begins with appreciating the attitude that people come first, then the money, then the things desired (achievement of objectives). Financial experts argue that managers focus on prioritization. In addition, business operations revolve around managing a budget, implementing processes, negotiating commitments, and documentation. What matters most is that human labor is the primary resource for the organization. Managers should strive to achieve the following to make a sustainable change:  Prioritize Commitments  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change commences with classifying business operations on scale s of importance and urgency. It is according to the norm to get overwhelmed by numerous activities. For instance, accounting standards classify different financial operations in different standards to indicate their priority, relevance, and importance.Put People First  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It may prove difficult to implement change if people are not motivated to accept the change. Managers ought to consider the interests of the people making up the human resource team. The change should not be biased or geared towards promoting the interest of one party to the expense of another. The change should be based on the interests of the concerned parties for it to be sustainable.Train the Workforce  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managers ought to instill the technical know-how for adopting change. Sustainable change can be achieved when all employees have the necessary expertise to handle the new requirements or adjustments to the system. For instance, ac counting standards may not be of assistance during financial reporting if the human person in the accounting department is not equipped with the technical know-how of handling the standards.Ensure that Change is Sustainable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change might be for the short-term or long-term. However, it should be assessed to indicate whether it achieves the intended purpose. Change is considered sustainable if it achieves the main objectives. Managers should adopt the following ‘tools’ to ensure that change is sustainable:Internal Controls  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal controls can be used to indicate how the change relates to the existing systems. In addition, controls ensure that the change does not tamper with the operations of existing systems. For example, a change in IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Systems should not tamper with any other IAS. That way, the change would be considered sustainable.Audit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The audit process refers to regular checks and reviews on the change. Auditing the change would ensure that it presents the general interests of the concerned parties. Such a process is the best possible ‘tool’ for making sustainable change occur.

The Act of Paul and Thecla Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Act of Paul and Thecla. Answer: The act of Paul and Thecla would Paul agree? The act Thecla and Paul demonstrates womens view point as a strong figure that values faith before anything else. Paul explains the act of virtues celibacy of women stand point both as teachers and apostles and not just wives the acts explains women as an example for showing and educating other people on the word of God and their ableness to tell story. The teaching has been used as an example by women as leaders in the church. My view and believe on Pauls teaching about women leadership and religious setting is correct. Thecla and Paul wrote the acts year after the letters of Paul .all the same show clear differences in women as the status of women remained as house-servants .They were treated in two perceptions if they were not married as either virgins or widows. A true Widow was known to be an aged woman whose husband died. The church only gave assistance to those women who were widows if they were above 60 years of age reason being they would not get married again. In Roman tradition required ladies to get married and have children. The society saw women not independent in any manner. Whether sexually or legally. In this Acts of Paul and Thecla the main person was Thecla. She was a powerful woman in the world of Christianity, she was authoritative and strong figure reason being that she remained single and had no husband or bore children. Thecla was converted into Christian faith be the apostle Paul. Very strong women live Thecla were supported by Pauls teachings and religious environment of that time. I was interested and also inspired by learning more about her reasoning and regarding this matter. In the book of Acts of Paul and Thecla 17, it is stated that this story of Thecla listening to Pauls sermons while sitting by her widow. Thecla listened keenly to Pauls proclamation; she did not get tired to listen every day and even overnight regarding the issue of virginity as taught by Paul. It is important to note that she was not taken away from the widow, but rather was let on by faith and she rejoiced exceedingly in the course of this, it is ascertained that she saw observed virgins and other women borrowing. It is also important to note that this woman was indeed very interested to not only have the desire of being deemed of great value to Paul but also ensure that she heard the word of God. The dedication and determination of Theclas regarding the word of Paul indicates the commitment that she had on Pauls worthy beliefs. In a spiritual sense she chose to remain a virgin and turn down all her likely success so as to marry God. She saved her virginity for him. In this testimo ny, Paul is encouraging and supporting the independence of woman and furthering faith and devotion as virtues that are inter-dependant. A professor found an image in the cave of Paul and Thecla at the place called Pauls Croton. The study of the New Testament depicts an image of Paul preaching and being followed by Thecla follows who listens to his testimonials from the windows in a far left corner of the house. Theclas mother is seen behind him (Paul) while preaching to her daughter while her hand is thrown in a gesture of great disagreement. Most important, it was ascertained that Theclas mother has her right hand as well as eyes cut off and scratched out respectively because she was considered a heretia. This brings into four individual beliefs that Theclas mother may have disliked the view of religion itself and its effects on the society. The image is a pro-found sign of the influence that Paul had on Theclas mannerism as well as her own values as aligned or matching with those of the beliefs as well as teachings of Paul. When Paul as an preaches multiple or numerous times in the scripture, this does not mis-interpret the acts of Paul and Thecla. Individuals bowed and prayed to him (Paul). Paulwent into the house onesiporus and preached about virginity, obeying God and purity. In his testimonies states, Paul was speaking about a pure heart that will open a vision of God. It is understood Paul was speaking and confirming that the only best way for people to come in contact God was through remaining pure in their hearts. It is also important for people to ensure that they remain pure and clean and keep their virginity sacred in their wedlocks. This what actually Thecla interpreted from his teaching. To remain clean, pure, and holy for God is essential as well as focussing on lives that revolve or dwell on Gods word and Pauls word. Thecla believed in keeping the flesh chaste Thecla remained devoted herself to God and also remained Gods temple. While speaking about blessings Paul noted that those who remained aloof from the world had an upper hand and thats where she belonged separating herself from the world and to focus only on God. While aligning her values with his word focussing on her faith she followed Paul. In conclusion I agree that Pauls word, beliefs testimonies are in agreement with Theclas action and intention all over the story. Thecla is shown as a woman whose priorities come last as Gods. Priorities put first in this act of Paul. In all this Paul was in agreement. Paul was a strongsupporter in woman holding position of leadership within the church reason being when God is put first the matter of sex is immaterial Theclas action are aligned with Pauls words, even through other people may disagree it was Pauls teaching and word that kept her faith in a very strong sense. During the ancient times wives played powerful roles in church. They taught a word of God and also prophesised. Some women were rich and supported Gods servants. They allowed multitude in their homes giving them basic needs during their meeting. Paul worked in company with some women especially in field services. People should not doubt why early Christian leaders were both men and women. Lately the history of women and their position of authority and high status in church has faced serious opposition, this challenge has reduced their good record and past performance of their church involvement. Paul mentions one deacon called Phoebe prominently. She was a minister in the church of Cenchrea. Phoebe was also Pauls patron whom Paul entrusted with a task of carrying important Pauls letter to Rom (vv. 1-2), another important personality is Prisca assisted by her husband Aquila, the two were able to create and support large congregation in her home.(vv. 3-4). In all these activities she was named ahead of her husband. Another important woman is Mary; Pauls co-worker among the Romans (v, 6) Paul also worked with other important women as; Tryphaena, Tryphosa and Persis for the gospel (vv 6, 12) High profile women in this community included; Julia the mother of Rufus and sister of Nereus (vv 13,15) secondly, we have other frontline women among the apostles like Junia (v. 7) The apostolic mission was not only limited to the 12 men but was more inclusive in church based in Corinth. Women were mentioned to be members of the body full of spiritual gifts and the rights of using them. This fact is proven by their active participation in various services such as in worshiping, praying, and prophesying alongside men (1 Cor 11: 4-6) Two other important women (Euodia and Synyche) were notable in Philipians because of their prominent standing in the community (Phil 4:2) Lydia is outstanding woman whose entire household came in the frontline of her family. She eventually became the head of the church which gathered in her house. On marriage some of the women who were associated with Paul came to renounce the issue of marriage for the sake of gospel and went on to become prominent women in the community.