Comparing the Quest in M. Butterfly and American Beauty Essays -- Comp

The Quest in M. Butterfly and American Beauty   â Happiness is characterized as getting a charge out of, appearing, or portrayed by delight; upbeat; mollified. In light of this definition we as a whole quest for satisfaction our whole lives. Two altogether different stories address this thought of the mission for satisfaction. M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang is the narrative of a man named Gallimard who is yearning for his affection Butterfly to come back to him. John Deeney depicts it as him, sticking to his concept of an Immaculate Woman as far as possible by costuming himself into the misled Butterfly however his last self destruction. In spite of the fact that Gallimard’s fixation on Song in some cases makes him cut a fairly silly figure, his dead reality toward the end brings out a specific measure of sentiment and even profound respect as he kicks the bucket for his definitive perfect of impeccable womanhood. Then again, there is Sam Mendes’ American Beauty. This story moves toward the possibility of satisfaction in an alternate manner; it presents a whole family and their quest for sweet ecstasy. The journeys of Carolyn, Jane, and Lester Burnham, just as their nearby neighbor, Frank Fits, are in plain view. Paul Arthur portrays American Beauty as A bona fide Life Lesson, a profound world view grounded in the disclosure of magnificence. In both M. Butterfly and American Beauty, the characters are introduced as miserable and looking for satisfaction. Of the characters, in any case, just Jane Burnham, Frank Fitts, and Lester Burnham locate their new joy. Tune in M. Butterfly lives as a bogus picture to satisfy herself. Tune is an on-screen character who fills the role of a woman in a show. He permits a man, Gallimard, to experience passionate feelings for his character. He at that point utilizes this relationship to enable his legislature to get ordered data. At the point when a... ... be a relationship, a sexual inclination, or basically a way of life, the need there of is consistently evident. In M. Butterfly and American Beauty each character is on an interest to discover their own joy. At long last, just Jane Burnham, Frank Fits, and Lester Burnham discover the satisfaction they are searching for. They show that more than anything; joy is the most significant thing throughout everyday life. Without joy, cash, individual achievement and status don't mean anything. Works Cited American Beauty. Dir. Sam Mendes. Dream Works, 1999 Arthur, Paul. American Beauty. Cineaste 2000 Vol 25 Issue 2: 51. Deeney, John. Of Monkeys and butterflies: Transformation in M. H. Kingston’s Tripmaster Monkey and D. H. Hwangs’ M. Butterfly. Melus Winter 93/94; 21. Meyer, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000.

Compare and Contrast Plato and Aristotle on Well-Being Free Essays

string(88) we have now concluded that our exercises are acted as per our function. Plato and Aristotle on prosperity. Prosperity: The condition of being sound cheerful or prosperous. It appears glaringly evident to recommend that the objective we as a whole are focusing on is absolute satisfaction; all out progress and satisfaction. We will compose a custom paper test on Thoroughly analyze Plato and Aristotle on Well-Being or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In the Nichomachean morals, Aristotles’ fundamental point is to give a depiction of what this alleged joy really is, and how we can approach our everyday lives so as to accomplish the best life that we can. He starts book one with what thinkers call a ‘Teleological origination of life’.That is, all that we do is focusing on some end: ‘every workmanship and each examination, and also every activity and interest, is considered to focus on some great. Consequently the great has been properly characterized as ‘that at which all things aim’ ‘ (NE 1. 1) What Aristotle implies here by ‘good’, isn't the conventional term that we use to portray something charming or positive, yet a greater amount of an extreme, preeminent great; a good and healthy end. An end at which we as a whole are pointing. In book 1, Aristotle calls a definitive end (or telos) eudaimonia, which is ordinarily interpreted as bliss, yet in addition as progress or satisfaction. (1097a28-34). He suggests that we should not to see satisfaction as a property, yet as an objective for which we act. So Aristotles’ assessment of bliss is a functional one, down to earth since he not just needs us to happen to upon a hypothesis of what joy really is, yet his methodology is guided by the idea that such an end is nothing not exactly the object of all balanced action.Aristotle recommends that the initial step we can take towards procuring an effective life, is to acknowledge what great activity comprises in, and to utilize this to manage us in our interests. He proceeds to state that we should utilize the standards of this preeminent great to ‘evaluate (other) merchandise, for example, delight, riches, respect, moral uprightness, and philosophical contemplation’ (Lear, G. R Happy Lives and the Huma n Good,1. 1)- we are to take these to be the keys to our joy. Along these lines, we can expect, up until this point, the Human Good, as per Aristotle, is the thing that we concieve to be the proper object of levelheaded endeavour.Since the hypothesis being referred to is a viable one, and one including the activity of judicious action, and every one of our interests is focusing on some end or great; at that point all activities and their finishes are subordinate to some other activity. For instance, An is focusing on B, and B is focusing on C and C is better than both An and B, be that as it may, C is focusing on D†¦ And so on. Along these lines, we should properly reason that there must be a type of extreme end (Human Good) comparative with every one of us. Aristotle’s next point is to determine precisely what such an end comprises in. G.Lawrence, in his examination of the Human Good and Human Function, calls attention to that Aristotle clarifies that there are two unmistakable domains where achievement is accomplished. One lies in the objective and the finish of activities being arranged effectively, and the other is to discover the activities which permit us to show up toward the end. So it appears that these things are what furnish us with an article for our handy explanation, for it is Aristotles’ contention to communicate that a typical beginning stage we as a whole for the most part acknowledge, is that we are seeking after a fruitful or extraordinary life.And it is in the satisfaction of the activities neccesary for progress that we accomplish it. What coherently follows on from this is, when we have understood the end which we by and by want (telos) we should look to the fundamental capacity of ourselves as people; as sound creatures, at how we are arranged and our specific circumastances, conditions that are clearly going to infuence our undertakings on the way to the ideal end. Along these lines Aristotle opens his contention for Human Function.Lawrence recommends that this contention has not been proposed to remain solitary, yet that, notwithstanding the comprehension of the practicable great (which I will expand on later), our accomplishment in life is dependant upon our capacity, since performing it well would satisfy our inclination. For instance: A blade has a capacity it is for cutting things. On the off chance that a blade were to perform it’s work well, I. e, is sharp and acceptable at cutting things, at that point it very well may be supposed to perform it’s work as per the strengths specific to that activity.So, if our capacity as humans’ is to live in a specific way, to reason, at that point, unquestionably, Aristotle must be in any event incompletely right in proposing that we should play out our capacity as per objectivity, and as per its’ movement explicit strengths. In NE 1. 7, Aristotle partitions the spirit into a few sections. He says that the two people and creatures have a spirit, yet that they are distinctive in the accompanying manners: The human spirit has structure and is fit for rationality.The sound soul is additionally separated into logical thinking which includes neccesary certainties, and calculative thinking which includes unexpected realities. Creatures are not judicious animals, yet they do have substance, and a spirit with substance is worried about nature, nourishment and development. We are accordingly unmistakable and better than creatures and plants for our ability to reason. Aristotle contends that ‘. . we are searching for keeps an eye on legitimate capacity; so we should prohibit from our definition the existence that comprises in sustenance and growth..There stays at that point, a commonsense existence of sound part’ (1. 7. 1098a). As I referenced before, Aristotle likewise clarifies that it isn't sufficient to have the capacity to reason, we should play out our life-resources, which are our capacity, and to perform them well is to play out our capacity well. In book one we discovered that-in Aristotles’ account, bliss is a movement of the spirit. Also, we have now concluded that our exercises are acted as per our capacity. You read Look into Plato and Aristotle on Well-Being in classification Papers We realize that the incomparable great, eudaimonia, is an end at which the entirety of our activities aim.So now one needs to figure out what it is that is the most noteworthy of all viable action, since all activities are subordinate to some other, and that there must, decisively, be some common sense that is over all others, and which is the last acceptable that focuses on eudaimonia. The initial step of Aristotles’ Nichomachean morals opens as Aristotle’s evident worry with the positive qualities in two sound domains: Production (poiesis) and conscious activity (praxis). In (1. 1. 1094a3-6) Aristotle presents that there is a neat and tidy qualification between these two domains. He says that ‘some are exercises and others results unmistakable from the activities’.What he intends to state, in my view, is that the result of our activities is the practicable acceptable. For instance: A picked activity could be to read for A-levels, on the off chance that one progresses nicely, at that point to go to college; for this would be the result of the last mentioned. To go to college is additionally an activity in itself, since it is focusing on an item, and that item would be a good vocation. In any case, if we somehow happened to continue relating each activity to its own item, at that point we would make certain to go on into boundlessness, for, as I have noticed, all activities are subordinate to some other action.Therefore, the investigation of this ‘Practicable Good’ is the solution to our concern. G. Lawrence, on page 40 of his Human Good and Human Function, recommends that the most ideal method of finding a determinate meaning of this practicable great, is by seeing all activities and their closures progressively, ‘.. there is a guideline discerning development.. What's more, the higher progressively last end is ever the better’. On the off chance that we look to the end that we find if we somehow managed to consolidate the entirety of the hierarchy’s of all parts of the bargains, at that point that would be the most incomparable undertaking, the activity for whose purpose all the closures beneath merited deciding for the ake of. On this end, Aristotle comments ‘.. the information on the great is critical to us in the lead of our lives. Is it accurate to say that we are not bound to accomplish our point on the off chance that we have an objective? ‘ (1. 2. 1094a24-5).And along these lines we have what Aristotle adds up to be the Practicable Good. Since we presently realize that it is the practicable acceptable which we are targetting-as a decisive ‘good’ activity as an unfortunate chore (eu) at that point, without a doubt, we should need to figure out what the practicable great really includes, and how we are to apply it to ourselves as people, with an assortment of conditions. In NE1. - 2, Aristotle asserts that all sound idea is either useful or gainful or hypothetical, and that the class of believed that the Nichomachean Ethics’ is worried about is viable. It is even minded, and worried about activity and not creation. Aristotle doesn't need us to feel his genuine concern is with what we may allude to as deliberate activity, however what he calls â€Å"preferentially chosen† activity. ‘It is believed to be the characteristic of a reasonable man to have the option to ponder properly about what is acceptable and favorable for himself’ (NE V1. 5. 1140a25-8). Such picked activity is the thing that we plan in the wake of having completely supported about it.Aristotles’main object is his conversation of completely sane activity in the feeling of move ‘†¦ made by the specialist to be constitutive of living admirably.. . ‘ (G. Lawrence, Human Good and Human Function, p. 42). I feel that what Aristotle concieves here is a potential larger structure to his hypothesis of the two domains of commonsense and gainful sanity. Be that as it may, what of hypothetical idea? Lawrence recommends ‘.. . the political request of

Writing Science Fiction

Writing Science Fiction [by Susan Shepherd 11] It is probably a well-worn maxim that writers write. That is, there are many people who are interested in writing. A lot of people periodically have brilliant ideas which they then go over in more detail, developing characters and the setting and the various twists and intricacies of a satisfying plot. Unfortunately, not all of these people go on to write their ideas out. The minority that does go to the work of writing their ideas down will eventually turn into writers. But writing takes time and time is something which you give to MIT for safekeeping upon arrival. (In theory, MIT returns your time to you upon graduation. I havent graduated yet so I have no direct knowledge of this.) The truth is that classes and clubs and UROPs and just hanging out with friends will take up a large amount of your time, and it is very tempting to just put the writing off. Just one more dayIll get to it tomorrow after my projects doneMaybe next week Fortunately, MIT provides a reasonably simple solution. Since you need to have taken eight HASSHumanities, Arts, and Social Sciencesclasses in order to graduate, why not make sure that some of those are writing classes? It will give you an excuse to read something entertaining and call it work, and it also forces you to set writing deadlines for yourself. Even more fortunately, MIT offers a wide variety of coursessomething Ive already mentioned here. Ive already mentioned that MIT has classes on playwriting and rhetoric, among many other subjects. But they also offer classes on genre fiction and science fiction, taught by an MIT Professor who is also a professional writer: Joe Haldeman. I signed myself up for both, to maximise my chances of getting into one of them; these classes are frequently oversubscribed. But I was very lucky, and quickly learned that a spot had been reserved for me in both classes. Writing Science Fiction was everything I had hoped for. The reading assignments were varied and included both classics like The Cold Equations or Scanners Live in Vain as well as just-published short stories, such as Bug Eyes. Our first writing assignments were to write story beginnings, to show us that even within narrow parametersfor example, my randomly-drawn-from-a-hat prompt had to do with parallel universes. But the best part, at least for me, was having to complete and revise a short story for the class. Since we offered constructive criticism in a round-table format, every person had the chance to share his or her thoughts. If twelve of the sixteen other students agreed that Character A was acting against his best interests without adequate explanation, they could tell you sobut the other four also had their chance to say what about Character A let them ignore his flaws and focus on the rest of the story. If a given section of the story was unclear, you would find out. But if a section was deliberately ambiguous and your readers split three ways as to what it meant, that sends a clear signal that your writing is probably just the way you want it to be. Genre Fiction followed a similar format, but the genres could range from science fiction to mystery to romance to fantasy, or anything in between as long as it was written well enough. The reading focused on disaster fiction, such as Cormac McCarthys The Road and Richard Mathesons I Am Legend. The students had the choice of writing two short stories or a single long story; I stuck with the single long story, and discovered that when two psychics who dislike each other end up in the same room, every reader on earth will guess that one of them will die or be driven crazy about two pages before you intend your reader to figure this out. (Oops. There goes your dramatic tension.) But even though it was in many respects a humbling experience, I am very glad that I took Professor Haldemans classes. Previously, I had never made a serious effort to write short stories; I tend to story-build in such a way that I gravitate toward longer works. I encourage all those who are interested in writing, and especially in science fiction, to consider taking one or both of these classes. It is an opportunity not to be missed.

Writing Science Fiction

Writing Science Fiction [by Susan Shepherd 11] It is probably a well-worn maxim that writers write. That is, there are many people who are interested in writing. A lot of people periodically have brilliant ideas which they then go over in more detail, developing characters and the setting and the various twists and intricacies of a satisfying plot. Unfortunately, not all of these people go on to write their ideas out. The minority that does go to the work of writing their ideas down will eventually turn into writers. But writing takes time and time is something which you give to MIT for safekeeping upon arrival. (In theory, MIT returns your time to you upon graduation. I havent graduated yet so I have no direct knowledge of this.) The truth is that classes and clubs and UROPs and just hanging out with friends will take up a large amount of your time, and it is very tempting to just put the writing off. Just one more dayIll get to it tomorrow after my projects doneMaybe next week Fortunately, MIT provides a reasonably simple solution. Since you need to have taken eight HASSHumanities, Arts, and Social Sciencesclasses in order to graduate, why not make sure that some of those are writing classes? It will give you an excuse to read something entertaining and call it work, and it also forces you to set writing deadlines for yourself. Even more fortunately, MIT offers a wide variety of coursessomething Ive already mentioned here. Ive already mentioned that MIT has classes on playwriting and rhetoric, among many other subjects. But they also offer classes on genre fiction and science fiction, taught by an MIT Professor who is also a professional writer: Joe Haldeman. I signed myself up for both, to maximise my chances of getting into one of them; these classes are frequently oversubscribed. But I was very lucky, and quickly learned that a spot had been reserved for me in both classes. Writing Science Fiction was everything I had hoped for. The reading assignments were varied and included both classics like The Cold Equations or Scanners Live in Vain as well as just-published short stories, such as Bug Eyes. Our first writing assignments were to write story beginnings, to show us that even within narrow parametersfor example, my randomly-drawn-from-a-hat prompt had to do with parallel universes. But the best part, at least for me, was having to complete and revise a short story for the class. Since we offered constructive criticism in a round-table format, every person had the chance to share his or her thoughts. If twelve of the sixteen other students agreed that Character A was acting against his best interests without adequate explanation, they could tell you sobut the other four also had their chance to say what about Character A let them ignore his flaws and focus on the rest of the story. If a given section of the story was unclear, you would find out. But if a section was deliberately ambiguous and your readers split three ways as to what it meant, that sends a clear signal that your writing is probably just the way you want it to be. Genre Fiction followed a similar format, but the genres could range from science fiction to mystery to romance to fantasy, or anything in between as long as it was written well enough. The reading focused on disaster fiction, such as Cormac McCarthys The Road and Richard Mathesons I Am Legend. The students had the choice of writing two short stories or a single long story; I stuck with the single long story, and discovered that when two psychics who dislike each other end up in the same room, every reader on earth will guess that one of them will die or be driven crazy about two pages before you intend your reader to figure this out. (Oops. There goes your dramatic tension.) But even though it was in many respects a humbling experience, I am very glad that I took Professor Haldemans classes. Previously, I had never made a serious effort to write short stories; I tend to story-build in such a way that I gravitate toward longer works. I encourage all those who are interested in writing, and especially in science fiction, to consider taking one or both of these classes. It is an opportunity not to be missed.

Archeology An Alternative Spelling of Archaeology

Archeology is an alternate spelling for the more-frequently used version of the word archaeology. Both spellings are accepted by most scholars today (and by most dictionaries these days), and both are pronounced in American English something like ark-ee-AH-luh-gee. British speakers pronounce them both with a little less r and a little more ah in the first syllable than Americans do. The print version of the 1989 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary  spelled the word as archà ¦ology, with the letters ae in what linguists call a ligature: the ligature was part of the original spelling. That character is not readily available to most digital writers today, or even to most typewriters before the dawn of computers, so the ligature in rarely found in print or online—indeed modern print versions of the OED have stopped using the ligature entirely. The origins of the word archeology are found in Old English, and that word was derived from the Greek arkhaios meaning ancient or arkhaiologia, ancient history. The OED  reference includes the information that the first occurrence of the word archà ¦ology was in 1607, in Holy Observations, a book written by the English bishop and satirist Joseph Hall. When he used the word, Hall was referring to ancient history rather than archaeologys current meaning of a scientific study of the ancient past. His book Holy Observations also includes the famous quote used by Puritans God loveth adverbs; and careth not how good, but how well. The Great Vowel Shift During Halls time, vowel pronunciation in England was undergoing a systematic change, called the Great Vowel Shift  (GVS) which profoundly affected the way people spoke and wrote the English language. The way 14th-century writer  Geoffrey Chaucer would have pronounced the vowel sound in the middle of archà ¦ology would have sounded like a short a, as in the way we pronounce flat. Although the period of time in which the GVS took place is debated by linguists today, there is no doubt that it changed the way all vowels were pronounced by English speakers: the standard pronunciation for à ¦ shifted from flat a to an ee sound as in Greek. The American Twist It is unknown just when the first spelling of archeology without the a occurred, but certainly after the Great Vowel Shift and perhaps after it gained its new meaning of the study of prehistoric past. Archaeology became a scientific study beginning in the 1800s, spurred by a handful of geologists. The spelling of archeology appears occasionally in the early 19th-century scientific literature, but it was always relatively rare compared to archaeology. An attempt was made in the mid-20th century to modernize the spelling to archeology, particularly among American archeologists, but many or perhaps most archaeologists today still use the old spelling. According to American archaeologist and writer A.H. Walle (2000), in the 1960s, his mentor Raymond Thompson asserted that students who used the archeology spelling tended to be the new archeologists;  and as far as he was concerned he would respect his ancestors and keep to the ae spelling. According to American archaeologist Quetzil Castenada (1996), the spelling archaeology should perhaps be used to refer to the concept as used by French social theorist Michel Foucault in his 1969 text Archaeology of Knowledge or Larchà ©ologie du savoir in the original French, while archeology might be reserved for the scientific discipline. When Foucault used the word, he was interested in excavating the underlying rules that form human languages, making archaeology an apt metaphor for linguistic studies, although not perhaps the other way round.   Modern dictionaries, including the new online version of the OED, call the word archeology an acceptable, albeit American, alternative spelling of archaeology. What Does Archeology Mean? In the modern and general use of the term, archeology, just like archaeology, is the scientific study of the human past, including everything from yesterdays garbage in the landfill to the impressions of footprints in the mud at Laetoli by our ancestor Australopithecus. Whether studied in a classics department as part of ancient history, or in an anthropology department as part of human cultures, then, archeology is always about people and our immediate ancestors, and never about dinosaurs, intelligent design, or space aliens. See the Defining Archaeology collection for more than 30 definitions of the science. Because the word was originally English, the ae spelling is still found in other languages who borrowed it. Archeology is spelled: archà ©ologie (French), è€Æ'Ã¥  ¤Ã¥ ­ ¦ (simplified Chinese), Archà ¤ologie (German), Ð °Ã'€Ã'…Ð µÃ ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã'  (Russian), arqueologà ­a (Spanish), archeologia (Italian), ê ³  Ãª ³  Ã­â€¢â„¢ (Korean), and ÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (Greek). Sources: Castenada QE. 1996. In the Museum of Maya Cultures. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Oxford English Dictionary (second edition). 1989. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Oxford English Dictionary (online edition). 2016. Accessed 13 August 2016.Walle AH. 2000. The Cowboy Hero and its Audience: Popular Culture as Market Derived Art. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.

September 11, 2001 And The World War I - 2164 Words

September 11, 2001. What comes to mind when this date is whispered? Most likely it is of the horrific events that were reported by the media on this date. But for how long will the words â€Å"terror attacks† be the first thought that comes to mind? What major events will the coming generations remember and be told about the country? Today a multitude of scholars are determined to never let these events be forgotten by not only the American people but those of other countries as well. Scholars use their writings to confront the American public with the unforgettable disasters, memories, stories, and effects of September 11, 2001. Some individuals may claim that this event never occurred but history states differently. Countless authors document†¦show more content†¦In hopes to pressure the president into declaring war with Spain, a group created the slogan â€Å"Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain.† The Pulitzer was in need of readers so the staff decided to exploit the story of the explosion of the Maine in order to advance the number of sales they would receive. â€Å"Not only was the story over exaggerated, but photographs were as well (Manning 423).† The power that media possessed began then, and has only increased within the following years. The shock of September 11 was communal to all those in the United States. No one specific individual could have assumed that a disastrous event like the crashing of the twin towers would have transpired. With the aid of the media the American population received every detail of the manifestation in entirety. To the nation this event was so catastrophic that cities and corporations shut down. New York, Washington, and other major cities closed down. The government, businesses, airlines, amusement parks, recreational events, and restaurants even closed or postponed the events planned. This incidence was so astonishing to the nation that Wall Street and the Stock Market even shut down for several days. The nation was in great distress and the media swooped in to take hold of their perfect opportunity to contort the information reported to the American people. However, this assistance from the media had a multitude of strings attached. Immediately the news broadcasts became

Evolution of Thought Essay - 1086 Words

Evolution of Thought It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. –Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species I knew very little about and did not have much interest in evolution, systematics and biodiversity prior to the first week of this class. The knowledge I had about these topics came from introductory courses and what I was being told by my family. I soon†¦show more content†¦Parasites, despite their simple body plan, are incredibly complex because they use host organisms to complete their life cycles. Some parasites may have more than three different hosts. Parasites are also very specialized due to their loss of certain body structures over time. Some parasites lack a digestive tract, for instance. This marked the beginning of a new understanding of evolution for me. A better and new understanding of systematics and biodiversity was also established after the initial shock of learning that parasites are extremely complex and highly specialized organisms had passed. After reading the two articles found on e-res (Cracraft and Simpson, 1994 and Savage, 1995) and There’s a Hair In my Dirt: A Worms Story (1998), I have a new appreciation for the study of systematics and especially biodiversity. The article Systematics and the Biodiversity Crisis explains the importance of systematics and biodiversity. In the article, Savage relates biodiversity to systematics stating that biodiversity is essential to the study of systematics and vice versa. Savage states that the primary goal of systematics is to explain evolutionary lineage and its affect on life. He explains that systmatics, in order to achieve this goal, involves taxonomy, phylogenetics, classification and taxagenetics. SavageShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Management Thought2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of Management Thought Khalil Said University of Phoenix The Evolution of Management Thought The evolution of management thoughts and theories in modern management thinking began in the nineteenth century and continued during the twentieth. The need to define management and the role of managers led to the foundation of management theories through experience of the pioneer thinkers. Classical management theory focused on dividing the labors and tasks execution. 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Environmental Social Accounting Matrices

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Social Accounting Matrices. Answer: Introduction The essay is made up of three sections the first one the purposes of the financial analysis; The second the instruments for financial analysis and finally the importance of financial statements in decision making. It shows in each of them a brief but very complete definition, approaching the subjects from different points of view, consulting information of documents of websites on the analysis of financial statements, where the students in administration and related careers orient their attention to this subject, Who when they become graduated professionals, their approach changes, all of the above is through the execution of the financial diagnosis with a business approach, in which entrepreneurs easily identify the current state in which they are, proposals and suggestions from the situation To achieve the objectives set in your company. By relying on them, accounting enables the identification, measurement, classification, recording, interpretation, analysis, evaluation and report ing of the operations of an economic entity in a clear, complete and reliable manner. Its application is also necessary for those who are not obliged to keep accounting, pretend to make it valid as evidence. Corporate sustainability in Financial Accounting of Companies Corporate sustainability is a long term business approach that is used to enhance employee-customer value by creation of a green strategy towards a sustainable green environment while taking into consideration the cultural, socio- economic environment. It is also used to foster employee development through cultivation of ethics and transparency in the organization. It is the evolution of what was traditionally known as corporate social responsibility and the ethical strategy towards maintaining a good environment (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths, 2014). The structural changes in commercial companies include; transformation, fusion, and assignment of assets and liabilities of the company. Social Accounting is defined as the measurement and reporting, internal and external, of information concerning the activities of the company as well as its objectives. The objective of the work is the analysis of basic guidelines for the preparation of Social Balance as the externalization of everything that expresses social transcendence in organizations, referred to CSR and that is auditable (Brockett and Rezaee, 2013). Financial Accounting Analysis It should be noted that economic activities are measured through financial accounting with generally accepted standards, while social accounting does not have established standards. Therefore, it is necessary to work on the development of the same without ignoring traditional accounting and its generally accepted principles. In the 1970s, Milton Friedman argued that the sole objective of the organizations was to increase shareholder equity (Campbell and Mollica, 2009). This was because the Theory of Shareholders was fully accepted and it was believed that if the organization operated efficiently maximizing the welfare of its owners then society also benefited. However, this theory did not consider the effect that the behavior of the company could generate on other interest groups, nor could it be clearly seen if the welfare of society improved or was maximized. The Impact Of Financial Accounting On Companies Report The scope of social accounting goes beyond the mere report of econom ic effects, they begin to measure and evaluate the social and environmental impacts that the company has on society. In general, social accounting attempts to identify, measure, evaluate, inform and monitor the effects that the organization is having on the whole society or in a specific interest group that is not covered by the company's financial reports (Hewings and Madden, 2011). The process of developing social accounting requires that; classify the areas of social impact, develop objective measurement systems in those areas and then conduct an empirical research. The Social Accounting in Companies The communication of the business social performance is initially carried out with internal purposes tending to improve the decision-making process and then to inform the interest groups which are the activities and the impacts on society generated from the activities of the company . Report Results in terms of social investments for a given period destined to fulfill the social responsibilities set by an organization. " The financial statements generated as part of an accounting process intended to report the economic results of a period and in response to the governmental and tax laws governing the operation of each company; Do not represent the exact measurement pattern to measure and evaluate the fulfillment of the economic and social objectives of an organization with a sense of social responsibility. The Social Balance is defined as the state that reflects numerical information which shows the situation in which the organization is in everything related to the social issue and is born as a response to the need that companies have under this new environment of social responsibility, Of carrying a different type of accounting to financial accounting, and generating specific reports to measure and evaluate the origin and destination of resources applied in the fulfillment of the social objectives set by the organization for a given period (Retolaza, San-Jose and Rui?z-Roquen?i, n.d.). The bases of the Social Balance are defined in the concepts of Social Assets and Liabilities, items that must be in balance as well as income and expenses. Social assets are defined as those resources that the company possesses (money, tools, time, people, etc.) applicable within certain parameters of possibility, to the solution of the needs defined as part of the Social Liabilities, these being the demands, Gaps, gaps, and defined needs within the social objectives to be developed or fulfilled for a period of time. To the extent that social liabilities are being satisfied, they become part of the property or assets of the beneficiary sectors, in a positive image of the organization and the basis of its social assets. The perspective of accounting as controlling rationality Which links control, accounting and management from a perspective for the benefit of society; Finally, of recent appearance; An evaluation of the Approach to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from the theory of Accounting and Control,) linking some of the previous perspectives, together with) , To the analysis of the International Accounting Regulation. We can find others, however it is not pretense of the present essay to make a total state of the art. The issue of Corporate Social Responsibility has acquired relevance in recent years if we consider that only in the second half of the last century began to seriously question the economic objective of companies. Nowadays, there is a demand from society around human rights, environmental protection, corruption, decent work, among others, which oblige employers, and to be more precise, employers to consider Ethics in their decisions, which implies having as a primary reference the so-called civic ethics, moral consciousness achieved by society, ie, shared universal principles and values. Thus, companies are morally committed to society, so it is necessary to discover the needs to be met and to which the efforts will be directed, giving it meaning and legitimacy before society, in addition to defining and establishing in Consequently the goals of the company as well as the values and habits necessary to reach such goals, the challenge lies in applied ethics. Considering that this depends on the decision maker, and in SMEs is centralized the decision-making in the owner-manager, there arises from there the central theme of this essay: Importance of Social Reporting and financial accounting To follow up on a Development plan, companies use different management and administrative tools such as Strategic Planning, Just in Time, Total Quality, Marketing Techniques, Plan of Action, Budget, among others working on different mechanisms that reinforce their permanence. But companies also have much broader objectives than economic ones to ensure their survival and the welfare of existing social systems. These objectives are translated into actions and programs of common benefit, which are evaluated periodically in order to control their behavior and the continuity of social policies that the company has adopted on a voluntary basis (Wojewoda, n.d.). For more than ten years, Australian companies have had a management tool that allows them to evaluate the fulfillment of their social responsibility: Social Balance and Social Reporting. As with the financial statement; The social balance must be evaluated and presented jointly at the end of each period. It is important then to di fferentiate the concepts, since the social balance is part of a whole process, which, at the end of each period and according to the results of its analysis will provide the necessary information to evaluate the fulfillment of social responsibility against goals Established inside and outside each institution; While the social report only describes social performance in a period that is usually used in the first year in which social actions are evaluated. The objectives of the social balance As a management tool it allows the company to update policies and programs related to its social responsibility, as it creates more effective instruments to measure and control the consequences, costs and benefits that emanate from its actions. Its practice facilitates the development of a voluntary and non-taxing social policy, since it is a fundamental tool for making decisions related to social responsibility freely assumed. It allows rationalizing the resources with which the company counts evaluating their effectiveness It provides a greater knowledge of the socio-labor characteristics of the personnel and the contribution of the company to the integral development of the man. The social balance is an instrument that facilitates the establishment of social policies at the company and sector level. It constitutes a valuable contribution to collective bargaining (Wojewoda, n.d.).The social balance shows the contribution of the company to the human development of the country. At times, as we enter the business world, we observe how a series of actions stemming from the commercial traffic of society and decision making within the company take place at a dizzying pace, allowing strategic alliances with third parties, preventing failures And reorganize business structures according to the present and future needs of the company. Recommendations One of the major shortcomings of current financial reporting is its inability to reflect the fair value of companies and the evolution of their value. This is mainly due to the fact that financial statements are prepared on the basis of legal accounting principles, while valuation is carried out in accordance with economic expectations. Hence the prepares of financial statements should follow the international reporting standards on issues of sustainable reporting. The stakeholders should have an input during the preparation of financial reports. This allows financial statements to be more comprehensive by factoring in social costs reported by external groups.The consequences of this situation, the exclusive use of financial statements prepared on the basis of traditional accounting principles are multiple, both internally because accounting as an information system is an instrument of management, motivation and Of control of activities, as external, in the allocation of the resources of investors and society as a whole. Therefore, the aspect of allowing external stakeholders to have an input allows the financial reports to be more comprehensive and thus more representing a true and fair value of the company. Also, the financial statements must faithfully present the financial situation and performance of the company, as well as its cash flows.The correct application of the International Accounting Standards, accompanied by additional information where necessary, will, in almost all cases, give rise to financial statements that provide such a faithful image in the presentation.Any company whose financial statements follow the International Accounting Standards must give an account of this fact. It should not be stated that the financial statements follow International Accounting Standards unless they comply with all the requirements of each Standard that apply to them, as well as the relevant interpretations issued thereon by the Interpretations Committee.Inadequate accounting treatment is not warranted or given information about the accounting policies followed, nor for the inclusion of notes or other explanatory material in this regard. In the rare circumstance that management concludes that compliance with a requirement required by a Standard could be confusing, and therefore that it must be abandoned to achieve a fair presentation, the company must report on the following. The IASB's advice is that financial statements prepared to provide useful information in economic decision-making5 meet the needs of the majority of users. Most of them make economic decisions, for example: Conclusion Various solutions have been applied to improve the external information of the companies on their situation and activities, but the solutions that have been applied have been developed by the companies themselves, or by consulting firms for specific applications, therefore expensive , Of minority use, and not constitute a standardized system that facilitates their widespread use and comparison between entities. However, it is important that companies use international guidelines when preparing these financial statements, this includes incorporating corporate sustainability reports which are mandatory in todays accounting. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A. (2014). Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Brockett, A. and Rezaee, Z. (2013). Corporate sustainability. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Campbell, T. and Mollica, D. (2009). Sustainability. Farnham: Ashgate. Edey, H., Peacock, A. and Cooper, R. (2011). National income and social accounting. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Hewings, G. and Madden, M. (2011). Social and Demographic Accounting. Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press. Islam, M. (2016). Social compliance accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Springer International Pu. Macintosh, N. and Hopper, T. (2005). Accounting, the social and the political. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Marti?nez de Anguita, P. and Wagner, J. (2012). Environmental social accounting matrices. London: Routledge. McElroy, M. and Engelen, J. (2012). Corporate sustainability management. London: Earthscan. Quaddus, M. and Siddique, M. (2011). Handbook of corporate sustainability. Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar. Retolaza, J., San-Jose, L. and Rui?z-Roquen?i, M. (n.d.). Social accounting for sustainability. Taticchi, P., Carbone, P. and Albino, V. (2014). Corporate Sustainability. Dordrecht: Springer. Visser, W. and Tolhurst, N. (2010). World Guide to CSR. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing. Wojewoda, N. (n.d.). How to engage youth to drive corporate sustainability.

How to Increase Writing Speed in Exam

In our age of digital technologies, most people go through life without writing anything by hand on a day-to-day basis, probably except for an occasional grocery list. We dont practice handwriting even students do most of their writing work using PCs and laptops, from doing their homework to making lecture notes. However, the Summary of Research Presented at Handwriting in the 21st Century states that the real benefits of writing by hand are: a brain activation, an impact on academic success and a foundation for reading, writing, language, and critical thinking. Most of the time our inability to write fast while retaining legibility isnt a big issue it is just a skill that has a very limited application in everyday life. The situation changes during the exams suddenly you have not just to write by hand but to do it quickly. Your fingers get tired, handwriting gets worse. You glance at the clock and see that you wont make it on time, you get more and more nervous, start hurrying, forgetting what you wanted to say and making a terrible mess. If it is a familiar situation, you dont have to be depressed there are ways to increase your overall writing speed without practicing day and night. Whats even better, there isnt much you can achieve by mechanical practice. You should understand that handwriting is very different from typing you cannot speed it up much by simply writing faster you can achieve much better results by learning to use your existing writing ability more efficiently. The Ability to Write Fast and Neat in Exams while Answering Questions An exam type you are most likely going to face in any discipline is writing freeform answers to a number of questions. Here are some tricks you can use to improve your writing speed: What Why Where possible, write in bullet points instead of paragraphs. It gives you a legitimate reason to write in a fragment, concentrating on the most important aspects of the question and omitting less crucial ones. You don’t have to think of logical connections between sentences. You are less concerned with the style of your answers and aren’t tempted to get back to the question once you’ve finished with it. Divide your effort depending on the number of marks. Questions have a varying number of marks assigned to them (usually from 1 to 10). You should always start with the most valuable ones, answer them if possible and progress to the less valuable ones, dedicating a reasonable amount of time to each of them. 1-point questions aren’t worth spending ten minutes writing them up – even if you have time to spare, you can probably better apply it elsewhere. Don’t be in a hurry. If you get nervous and try to finish every question as quickly as possible, it will harm both your handwriting and your overall speed writing. You won’t be able to think clearly, make a lot of mistakes, get back to the question later on and waste more time on corrections than if you write carefully and think things through from the outset. Aim at using 1 page per answer, as paper isn’t usually an issue during the exams. Not only your answers will look neat separated this way, but you also get an opportunity to write short using schematic bullet points for answers to all questions and get back to them to elaborate later on if time allows. Take part in mock exams. It is the only way to get the real feelings of how much time you have and how many minutes you can dedicate to each particular question. Express information graphically where possible. Graphs, charts, diagrams, tables etc. not just allow you to illustrate your answer and express in a few strokes that, otherwise, would’ve taken a couple dozen words but makes your answers stand out from the bulk as well.The Ability to Write an Essay Fast in an Exam Not all disciplines require you to write essays, but for those that do, this kind of work is responsible for a lot of credits. Learning how to write a good essay neatly will go a long way toward ensuring your academic success. Here are a few ways to help you do it successfully: #1 Write essays in the exam environment simulated by yourself You will be surprised how many students try everything when preparing for their exams but a practice is obvious. Find or create the exact conditions of your future exam: find out how much time you will be given, whether there is going to be a word limit, what questions and prompts were used for this exam in the past and so on. Then sit down and write an essay simulating these conditions as closely as possible. Besides, youll manage to note how much time you need to write a an essay of a particular size. #2 Start with an outline It may be almost physically painful to spend precious minutes on anything, but on actual writing during your exam, but trust us: every minute you spend planning and preparing an outline is likely to save you ten minutes later on. Enumerate all main and supporting points, set the order in which they will be mentioned, how your introduction will be tied together with the conclusion and so on or at least mark them with keywords so that you dont forget anything. #3 Avoid perfectionism It is a good idea no matter what kind of writing you do, but it is really important when your time is limited. Dont overthink it your job is to write as quickly and clearly as possible, not to write a masterpiece for the ages. Get your point across and dont correct things youve already written unless youve clearly made a mistake. #4 Decide on the structure of your essay in advance This trick is useful because it creates boundaries for you to work in and doesnt allow your mind to run wild when you are hit with an unexpected topic. If you decide beforehand that your essay will have exactly 5 paragraphs irrespectively of its topic, when you are given the task, you simply have to fill in this mold with your writing without creating an amorphous piece of text. Without any doubt, using these tricks wont magically turn you into a master writer overnight but they will certainly boost your chances of getting through your exams successfully. They mostly deal with an organization but if you know that it is your poor handwriting skills that cause problems, it may be a good idea to apply to the practical guidance Better handwriting for adults by Meliosa Bracken and Pam Buchanan.

Engineering Ethics Essay Sample

Engineering Ethics Essay Sample Engineering Ethics Essay Engineering plays an important role in our society because it is a profession responsible for creating a sustainable in terms of developing our community. Construction of facilities is one of the main issues that are currently being managed by engineering professionals as a way to ensure that the credibility of services as well as perspectives to improve our society becomes attainable. Engineers are responsible for constructing materials to provide an area for the community to leave and seek dwelling places to settle for a certain period of time. As an engineer, safety is an important ethical issue because the welfare of every resident in our community needs a specific measure to ensure that accidents and hazards will not occur within our household properties. Ethics in engineering is reeled with safety issues, especially if the structure has been built with safety criticisms because it has been previously linked with accidents and hazards. The most concerning issue regarding engineering applications is when there are safety hazards because it risks the lives of engineers and construction workers while building a structure. Examples are falls from a higher elevation, smashed by debris, or trapped inside a fallen structure. Health hazards are also a concern because there are sites that expose engineers and its workers to chemical fumes that can cause respiratory or skin distress. Workers who are constantly exposed to radiation at work often develop cancer in any parts of their body. Basically, health and safety working environment or occupational safety and health is an important ethical consideration applied by engineers at their working environment. This is a process where engineers collaborate with the occupational safety and health prog ram provided by their own institution as well as local government units. In any case that some engineers fail to comply with the proper safety building codes or safety standards, it is likely that their projects fail to meet their goals. The reason behind is that there are safety regulations that were not properly mandated and implemented, leading to a risk in a safe working environment. Authorities are usually inspecting contractors because there are projects that are mandated by non-engineers, which are at risk of having their license to operate revoked. If there are previous safety standards that failed to operate or comply, it is likely that the contractor can be banned from being involved in future projects. As an engineer, it is important to have an operating license for the contractual firm as well as having a professional license. This is to properly represent the contracting company as well as to show the public that the company is operated by a group of licensed engineers. As an implication, it has been learned that the essentials of ethics applied in the engineering profession, as well as its practices, should be consistently monitored by the regulating agencies. The reason behind is to monitor the quality of the products, proper subsidy of projects for the generation of projects, and the professional background of the engineers or contractors. This is to ensure that the quality of projects is always secured in a professional way by the approved contractors of the projects or any tasks. The ethical composure of securing the rightful engineers to operate to a specific project should investigate their personal and professional background as a way to ensure that accidents will not happen in the near future (Stephan, 2012). Reference Stephan, Constantin (2012), Industrial Health, Safety and Environmental Management, epubli, Berlin, 3rd edition,  ISBN  978-3-7418-7478-9, pp. 70-71.

Politics, the Role of Good Governance Assignment

Politics, the Role of Good Governance - Assignment Example The discussion focuses on the role of democracy in influencing the overall development of low-income countries. It also precisely outlines the performance of these countries after their independence and acceptance of a democratic system. There are various forms of governance system such as monarchy, dictatorship and democratic practiced by different nations around the world. However, since last few decades’, democratic form of governance systems has gained tremendous popularity and is widely favored by both people and experts, especially in low-income or developing countries. Most of the nations around the world have either already transformed their governance system into a democracy, or they are observed as endeavoring to transfer their governance system into a democratic structure. One of the best definitions for the term was given by U.S. President Mr. Abraham Lincoln, which states democracy as â€Å"government of the people, by the people and for the people†. It should be noted in this regard that the word ‘democracy’ primarily focuses on the people and not on the government2. The world is now more democratic than it was ever before. After the independence of many Asian and African nations, countries have adopted a democratic system of government in the face of intense poverty and relentless social as well as economic apprehensions. Nonetheless, democratization in low-income countries has resulted in positive outcomes in several fronts, especially in achieving universal primary education and eliminating gender disparities in access of basic education. The democratization in low-income countries has indeed helped them to reduce child mortality rate and a poverty rate that was likely being faced by many developing countries before democratization.  The spread of democratization along with the integration of world economy through globalization process and the dramatic technology revolution have accumulatively contributed in an increased potential of the low-income countries for improving the lifestyle of the citizens ensuring greater human freedom and well- being.

In what ways did the Puritans influence America in economics ,politics Essay - 2

In what ways did the Puritans influence America in economics ,politics ,and religion - Essay Example The puritans believed that the priests, bishops and cardinals had too much power which needed to be reduced (Ellwood 48). Therefore, through bible readings and teachings, they wanted the members of the church to be directly involved in the activities of the church and demanded for the simplification of worship services. They argued the Church of England was beyond reform thus defied the authority of the church leaders. The puritans advocated for a simpler church ritual and doctrine based on Calvinism. Therefore, this made them disagree with the other members of the Church particularly leaders of the Church of England and as a result they were persecuted and forced to migrate to other parts of Europe and America. In America, they settled in North America particularly in Virginia and along the New England coast. In America, they could worship in their own way as opposed to that of the Church of England and the Catholics, and they became interested in political and social matters other than religious matters only (Dean 49). There influence in the social, political and religious institutions of United States of America was significant. However, the impact or influence of puritans on America in terms of economics, religion and politics has been overlooked by many people. Thus, this paper seeks to investigate and clarify the ways in which the puritans influenced America’s politics, religion and economy (Dean 55). The puritans founded the USA and the first colonial government in America was a theocratic oligarchy. Winthrop and Mather created the puritan theocracy in 17th century in New England and since this time, American politics have remained Christian (Kubiak 76). The influence of puritans on politics has over the years created a desire on American people to be governed by Christian presidents. Consequently, this desire has forced both democrats and

Production Planning And Control System Commerce Essay

Production Planning And Control System Commerce Essay Businesses can be of different types. Some industries focus on providing the customers with different types of services. Some others concentrate on selling of products. Majority of ventures are in the business of manufacturing something or the other. To start with, you would need some basic raw materials to which you would add some value to make something else. Simply put, this is production. Therefore, we can say that production is a business process in which a raw material is converted into finished or semi-finished products, in the process adding value to the of utility of products. This production procedure is measured by calculating the difference between the value of what goes into the production and the value of what is produced in the end. The things which go into the making of things are called the inputs and what is produced in the end is called the outputs. Say for example, if you want to manufacture dresses you will need cloth, labor, and machines at the primary level. These are all inputs. The end product, that is the dress, is the output. What is meant by production? Production can be described as a process of manufacturing or producing goods for trading purpose. It is a method that uses the intangible inputs like creativity, ideas, knowledge, research and perception in action. With the help of these intangible inputs, the tangible inputs like the raw materials are converted into finished products and made ready to be sold in the market. Production Function In mathematics, a function determines the relation between a set of inputs and the set of outputs. Similarly production function is that kind of a function through which assumed specification is made by the industry or a firm about the output in relation to all the input which went into the project. Production function serves to cater to the customer needs and demands in a cost effective way. Therefore planning and carrying out the production function in an efficient way is of prime importance to obtain this objective. Production Management Managing anything has to include proper planning at the initial level. The same thing is applicable in case of production management. You start with planning about how the production procedure will take place. Then you organize it according to your needs or requirements only after which you can execute the plan, direct and control the production activities. Hence, we can say that production management is the managing process which deals with the conversion of raw materials to the finished products that too in an economical way. Production management is guided by 6 Ms- a) money, b) men, c) materials, d) machines, e) methods and f) markets. If the same concept is applied to the management of services then the subsequent management activities are termed as operation management. Definitions of Production Management Here are some common and widely accepted definitions of production management: Production management deals with decision-making related to production processes so that the resulting goods or service is produced according to specification, in amount and by the schedule demand and at minimum cost. Elwood Spencer Buffa Production management,  also called  operations management, deals with planning and control of industrial processes to ensure that they move smoothly at the required levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.In manufacturing operations, production management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and control issues involving capacity and quality, and organization and supervision of the workforce. -Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Hence, we can easily say that, production management is the conversion of production inputs into outputs which when distributed in the market will cater to meet the demands of consumers. History of Production and Operation Management Industrial Revolution For over two and half centuries, production and operation management has been regarded as one of the important factors responsible for the economic growth and development of any country. With the outbreak of the industrial revolution in England in the mid 1700s a havoc change was observed in the industrial sectors. The changes began to be observed when the stream engine was invented by James Watt in 1764. It largely replaced the man power in the factories. In the year 1776 Adam Smith published his revolutionary book, The Wealth of Nations, where he talked about the specialization of labors in manufacturing and the economic benefits it avails to an industry. Therefore, the factories of the late 18th century experienced not only the use of the power by the newly invented machines but also new means of planning and controlling a factory production. About the same time the concept of division of labors came into being. Rapidly the industrial revolution spread from England to the other parts of Europe and also to America. Further development was observed as an American named Eli Whitney came up with the concepts of interchangeable parts and cost accounting. Early 1800s saw the advent of electricity and gasoline engines which enhanced the industrial revolution to a great extent. During the post civil war period an increased rate of production capacity was recorded which on the other hand led to growth of the capital. A massive production explosion followed in the newly developed U.S. market. Scientific Management- The concepts of scientific management, work study and time study was introduced by Frederick Taylor. He talked of the shop system as well which brought the skill, strength and learning ability of the workers into question. The shop system was the first to initiate the idea of the incentive pay. Specification of materials, methods of work and routing systems were used to organize the shop. It was the Ford Motor Company who embodied the major facets like interchangeable parts, low manufacturing cost, mass production, and standardized designs of the product of scientific management in 1920s. The scientific management was popularized by Henry Ford, who used it in his firms. These approaches helped him in maximizing the production at the plant. Operational Research System- During the Second World War enormous resources were installed. Military operational research squads were formed to deal with the complications of the deployment. P.M. Blacker is regarded as one of the main contributors in the field of operational research application in the Second World War. The operational system brought to the fore front the positive aspects of the system which helped the operational manager to control the complexities of production. Service Revolution- The publication of the Hawthorne studies in the 1930s revealed that human factors are influencing the production process to a great extent. The study report said that the ambiences, sociological and psychological conditions of the worker are affecting the production. It was the behavioralists who talked about these factors which made the industrialists change the way of treating the factory workers. The idea of the labors responding positively to the attention thus paid to them came to be acknowledged as the Hawthorne effect. The change in the thought process and the introduction of this new philosophy had a tremendous impact on the production planning and control system of the factories. Studies showed that the due to the increased use of machineries work became monotonous to the workers which affected the rate of production. In order to resolve this problem the workers were conferred a greater role in the planning procedure of the whole production so that they c an find interest in their work. Computer Revolution- It was the 1930s which witnessed the advent of the computer age. There was an explosive growth in the communication technology. Gathering information became very easy as everyone had an effortless access to it. Advancement in the software technology made the people aware about the usage of e-mails. More and more plants took initiation in starting E- Business. A special computerized system known as the Material Requirement Planning was developed which proved to be very useful in managing the business. Where we stand now? Today the whole production or operational management wholly stands on the demands and needs of the customers and providing them with quality products. This is because the competition level in the market is very high and in order to build and maintain the image and reputation of a company, customer satisfaction is the absolutely necessary. Other factors which are influencing the operational management these days are the advancement of the technologies, competition in the world wide market, cost challenges etc. Why Production and Operation Management is required? Any firm or industry needs production management. To achieve all its objectives- Every firm or industry possesses certain objectives behind the projects they undertake. Production management enables the firm to fulfill all its objectives in time and at the same time fulfill the demands of the customer. To gain reputation as well as to build up a good image in the market- One of the main objectives of production management is to satisfy the consumers. Production management helps in achieving this goal. Aids other functional fields- Production management aids the functional field of the industry or firm. Other functional sphere includes finance, personnel and marketing. It will be easier for the marketing department to sell good quality goods which in turn helps the financial department to gain more finances due to the increase of the sale of the products. This will also enable the company to acquire loans for expanding the firm. Proper management of the production will also help the personnel sector to handle the human resources properly and increase the efficiency of the resource. Aids in promoting new products- Production management controls the research and development section of the firm. It enables to study the market and needs of the customer depending on which they can introduce newly manufactured goods in the market. Helps in coping up with the competition level in the market- Same products may be produced by other companies as well. Production management helps the firm to cope up with the competition level in the market by keeping the quality, price, quantity of the products as per needs of the consumers. Produce the goods in a cost effective way- Cost of production can be checked and reduced to a great extent through proper management of production. It tries to minimize the input keeping the output to the optimum level. Maximize the use of resources- Production management assists in maximization of the use of resources like machines, human resources etc. Helps the firm to grow- Production management helps the company to expand itself which in turn enables the firm to yield greater profit. Production management is important to the consumers because- Improves the standard of living of the people The research work that the production department carries out reveals the demands and needs of the consumers which the industries cater to fulfill. This increases as well as improves the standard of lining of the people as they get to use good and new products. Enhances the economy- Production management helps to produce goods in a cost effective way. This leads to the proper economic growth of the country. Decreases the problem of unemployment- Unemployment is a major problem of our country. The activities of the production department of any firm open up many job prospects for the people. Quality of the products increases- As mentioned earlier production management controls the research and development sector of a firm. These researches help to provide the customers with the better quality of the product. Provides the customers with low cost products- Production management facilitate the customers with low cost products so that the majority of the population can avail that product for use. What is a system? System as we understand comprises of various sects which works together as a unit. All the processes are interdependent and function as a whole. The system operates with a distinct intention to fulfill the predetermined objectives. Massive systems are often a compilation of various sub-systems. Production System In a broader sense production system is the framework which supports all kinds of production activities that may take place within an organization. The process of manufacturing involves the conversion of inputs into outputs. A suitable designing of production system makes sure the coordination of the different procedures which undergoes in the production. There is no hard and fast rule that only a single pattern of production system is to be followed universally and have to be applied to all kinds of productions. It differs from one project to another. Definition The methods which include all functions required to collect the inputs, process or reprocess the inputs and produce the saleable outputs. Ray Wild defines production or operation system as a configuration of resources combined for the provision of goods and services. Production system has three main components namely- inputs, conversion process and outputs. Inputs comprise of machines, man-power, capital, raw materials, drawings, paper works. Conversion process includes all kinds of processes and procedures which can be mechanical or manual or chemical. These operations are responsible for converting all the inputs into the desired outputs. This stage of production system also has some supporting operations like obtaining of raw materials, storing, production planning, product designing etc. Outputs comprise of the end products which the firm will provide it to the customers like services, finished goods etc. Production management.png A Systematic Diagram of Production System Types of Production System In general there are two types of production system. They are- Continuous Production- It is a process which is used to produce products without any hindrance in a continuous way. This type of production system is void of any interruption. Continuous production is often referred to as continuous flow process or continuous process. It is so named because the raw materials which go into making of the product are continuously moving and at the same time are exposed to chemicals or heat or cold as required in the making of the product. By continuous we mean running twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, with rare shutdown of the working force which can be quarterly, semi-annually or annually. Goods are manufactured on a massive scale in a continuous production. They are not produced depending on the customers orders. This system of production requires huge investment in machineries. This type of production system is found in oil refineries, power stations etc. Characteristics of Continuous Production Production is continuous. Large scale production of goods takes place. Does not depend on the customers orders. Standardized products are produced. Quality of the goods is predetermined. Types of Continuous Production System Mass production flows-Here same kind of product is manufactured to fulfill the demand of the market. This system needs good planning for material, process, maintenance of machines and instruction to operators. Process production flows- The distinction between mass and process production is the kind of product a firm produces. Mass production manufactures the same products and is produced in a large scale. If the demand ceases, the machineries are used for manufacturing products of similar nature after slight modification. In process production, the plant and equipment is designed for a specific product. Hence if the demand falls for the product or ceases, the firm cannot be used for manufacturing other products. Intermittent Production System Unlike continuous production system intermittent production system as the name suggests is such a system where goods are produced on the basis on customers orders. Usually the goods are produced in a small scale. The production flow is not constant. Various types of products of various sizes are produced in this type of system. The system is very plastic. Ex- Production found in automobile plants, electric goods plants. Characteristics of Intermittent Production System Production is not continuous. Halts are made frequently. Various kinds of goods are produced. Machines used for general purpose is used. Production depends on the order of the clients. The level of production is usually small. Types of intermittent production system Project Production Flows- Here a firm accepts a single complex contract or order. The project has a deadline within which the contract has to be finished that too within an approximate calculated cost. Project production flows include projects like building a high rise, constructing a dam or an airport. Resource requirements are high at the beginning of the project but ultimately ceases as the project nears its end. Job Production Flows- Items are manufactured only on the basis of specifications made by the customers. The cost is determined at the time of signing the project. Highly skilled labors are required in job production flows. Ex- Services the tailoring shops, repairing stores provide. Batch Production Flows- The production schedule is decided before commencing on the project. It depends on the estimate of consumers demands or upon the specific customers orders. The manufacturing process of the product is divided into a number of batches sequentially. Each batch is to be completed first to start with the next. A detailed production planning is required in batch production flows. Ex. Manufacturing of drugs. Factors Influencing Production Process Supplies The production or manufacturing process largely depends on the supplies of raw materials. If the supply of materials is hampered due to problems like transportation or bad weather, the fixed target cannot be achieved within the promised time. On the contrary if there is a smooth supply of materials then the flow of production will be normal and the production schedule can be easily followed. Power Supply- For running any plant, supply of incessant power is required. Even if the power supply is gets disrupted temporarily can have a great impact on the production process. Machineries and Equipments- A sudden shut down of any of the machineries of the equipments used in the production of product can lead to minimization of the production rate. Continual operations of the equipments are necessary in order to improve the efficiency of the machines. Man Power- The labors directly associated with the manufacturing process can influence the production in many ways. For example, sick leaves and vacations taken by key workers have a negative impact on manufacturing. Capacity of the plant is also influences the production procedure of a firm. The larger the firm, the larger will be the production, all the other factors remaining constant. Flexibility- The production process should be elastic in order to adapt to the changes that take place during the production process. Product Design Designing a product by a firm includes a strategic procedure of planning to create a new product to be sold to the customers. The product design is one of the most crucial and sensitive aspect for an organization. Success or failure of the sale of the product depends on a number of factors which ultimately decides the reputation and image of the company in the market. So during the designing period of the product there are a number of things which need to be paid heeded to. Everything is analyzed while designing a product right from what the general public likes to the cost and the process which undergoes in making the product. Production Planning and Control (PPC) The main aim of any manufacturing plant is to produce the products. Therefore the production is the core of the entire business operations. It is the driving force to which all the other functions of the plant depend. Once the industrialist has taken the decision about the product design, the next step he takes is planning the production and chalk out the controlling process. This is very much important for the economical aspect of the project. PPC is absolutely necessary for the small scale industries. A question may arise that why controlling of the manufacturing process is required. Well production planning without production control is like a school without the Headmaster. Planed decisions when put to action can go wrong, but checking the damage due to the mishap is production control. Objectives of Production Planning and Control a) To determine the ability of all producing sectors b) To plan the manufacturing activities in a systematic order depending on the sales demand of the market c) To endorse the fullest utilization of the firm d) To train labors for effective performance e) To ensure means of finding out the manufacturing needs and requirements so that the materials needed for the production can be attained at right time in the right quality as well as quantity f) To maintain coordination between the various sectors of the production process. Stages of Production Planning and Control The following tree will show you what the stages of PPC are PPC.png Production Planning and Control Process Production Planning It is a practice of foreseeing the stages of production process before commencing on a distinct project and also to judge the efficiency level of all those stages through which the maximum profit of the industry can be brought about at the scheduled time. It enables the entrepreneur to estimate the quantity of raw materials, money and labors to be needed for the production. Routing It helps in determining the course and progression of the production activities of a plant. The machines which will be required for the operations and the executives to be engaged for the work are determined in the routing stage. The main intention of routing is arrange the production procedure in a cost effective manner. It also makes sure that the decided sequential arrangement is followed firmly. The discussion about the quality and estimation of the cost of the product to be produced is also done in the routing stage. Scheduling Scheduling means determining the approximate time to be taken by each production activity and also all the operations taken together. It highly differs from one job to the other. Time is the main factor which is worked upon at this stage of production planning. Loading Here the schedule planned in the previous step is put into practice. Loading therefore decides who will be given the responsibility to do the work at hand. It helps in judging the existing work load and also to predict how early the remaining work can be finished. Production Control As mentioned earlier every production process must be controlled to keep the process running smoothly and fulfill the production of the products within the specified time. The production control department can perform effectively only when the financial manager, personnel manager, work manager and purchase manager works together in case of small scale industry. Dispatching To start a production process an authorization is required which is done in this stage. From the movement of materials to the different work stations, keeping a track of the cost occurred in each operation of the production, inspection of the activities are all looked after in the dispatching stage of the production control. This step is very significant because it converts the production plan into action. Follow Up Follow up, also regarded as reporting, is that stage of production control where the follies of the production plan or in the schedule structure of the operations are recorded. The main objective behind the follow up stage is to make sure all the decided plans and programs are been followed. It finds out whether there is any deviation from the production plan or not. And if there is any, immediate action is taken to resolve the fault and finish the production within the scheduled time. Inspection This stage is concerned about checking the quality of the finished goods because it is the most vital factor as the image, the name and the reputation of the company in the market depends on it Corrective Measures Corrective measures involve all those activities which are done to rectify the faults which may have occurred in the routing, scheduling, loading scheduling or in any of the stages of the production planning or control system. Decisions regarding the inclusion of more labors, transfer of personnel to other work stations, training of the employees are also taken in the corrective stage. Conclusion From the above discussion one thing can be easily understood that without efficient planning and control no business company can fulfill its objective of earning a profit. Production planning and control becomes very much crucial for the small scale industries because they frequently face the challenge of producing goods at a very low cost. Production planning not only aids the companies to determine the convenient production procedure they need to follow but also reveals the risk factors which they are likely to face during the manufacturing process.

An Enemy Of The People :: essays research papers

An Enemy of the People An Enemy of the People, written by Henrik Ibsen was a play written to show his disgust for the in felt during a hostile reception given to him by the Norwegian public and critics to his earlier play, Ghosts. An Enemy of the People is a story about a doctor that discovered that the town he lives in, has become a cesspool. After discovering the town’s beloved bath, which is supposedly helps people get better and is the main reason the town has visitors from across the county come visit it, has become polluted with bacteria that is caused from the water pipes underground. This resulted in visitors going away from the town with Typhoid and other sicknesses. Dr. Stockmann, which is the discoverer of the pollution, tries to tell the townspeople that they need to fix the water pipes and bath. Facing a large amount of resistance from his brother the mayor, Hovstad the newspaper editor, and many of the townspeople. This results in Dr. Stockmann lashing out at the whole town for its ignorance and lies that this town is built on causing Dr. Stockmann to become an enemy of the people and being out-casted among his town that he loves. The purpose of this book was to show Ibsen’s content toward society in knowing the truth. This play was written in 1882 in Europe. At that time, Ibsen wanted to show the reality of things that are built on lies and for people to become more scientific in their studies rather than being religious wise. Ibsen was met with a handful of critics forcing him to become angered at society. An Enemy of the People does a good job showing society in Europe at that time when people weren’t that interested in technology and the truth. People didn’t care about having rights and allowed their superior to have the say in everything. This one quote which I found had much significance in the definition of this time period was from Mrs. Stockmann. â€Å"Dr. Stockmann: Yes, but I have right on mine!† â€Å"Mrs. Stockmann: Right! Yes, of course. But what’s the use of right without might?† This pointed to me that at this time period, yes, men were guaranteed rights, but the only men that can exercise those rights were the powerful men. Ibsen started off this play with everybody getting along. Dr. Stockmann was on the good side of Hovstad and the rest of the media of the town. Then, Ibsen slowly in the play, shows points of Dr.

Cyber Crimes Essay

What are cybercrimes and what do they consist of? Cybercrimes are defined as any illegal activity that uses a computer. The justice department goes a little more in depth and describes cybercrimes as using a computer for the storage of evidence. Cybercrimes have increased over time to something more than we could have ever imagined. The internet is went into full affect in the ear of 1990 when the Arpanet officially split into two separate networks to further facilitate usage and prevent military secrets from being found so easily. This is when the basis of cybercrime first began. There are cybercriminals which exist simply because they are drawn to the information that is contained by the World Wide Web. Nowadays, cybercriminals are much harder to track as they have evolved from the basic computer geeks who merely send viruses to another computer in efforts to crash it. They are far more advanced, and seek to steal information for their own personal gain. There are several different types of cyber criminals. They include: Script kiddies; who lack the experience to hack the larger mainframe systems. However, they are capable of doing some type of damage to unsecured systems. These types of criminals are also known as â€Å"hacker wannabes†. Also are scammers who flood one’s email with false advertisement and junk mail. The send catchy subject line for gullible victims and include links in the emails that absorb information from the victims computer. â€Å"Hacker groups usually work anonymously and create tools for hacking. They often hack computers for no criminal reason and are sometimes even hired by companies wanting to test their security† (Batke, 2011). The considered highest risk of all cyber criminals are â€Å"Insiders†. â€Å"They may only be 20% of the threat, but they produce 80% of the damage. They often reside within an organization† (Batke, 2011). The fact that there are cyber criminals establishes a new set of victims which mostly include people that are lonely, gullible, and have low self-esteem. When attacking the lonely, gullible, low self-esteemed individuals, cyber criminals normally seek their prey on social networking sites. Normally, the criminals use false identities to entice the victims. One the victim is deceived, they tend to for a sense of trust and release all sorts of personal information. This is why it is always important to keep personal information completely confidential. If one is dealing with networks that require information such as full names, social security numbers, addresses, banking information or even medical records, he or she should search or specific icons or notices within the website that assures their security. A common tactic that is used by cyber criminals is called â€Å"The New Kid Ruse†. This is when the suspect created fake webpages and uses fake images to give the idea that they are someone else in efforts to divvy up the victims personal information. Once the criminal gets one small piece of information they tend to sink the hook of deception even deeper. These acts get serious. They get so serious that eventually the cybercriminal begins to threaten the victim with exploitation if he or she does not surrender to their demands; saying that the information that has already been retrieved will be set abroad to ruin the victim’s reputations if they do not comply. â€Å"The case of Christopher Patrick Gunn, 31, of Montgomery, Alabama, who was sentenced last month to 35 years in prison for producing child pornography through a massive online sextortion scheme, provides a glimpse of how modern-day confidence men are plying their trade against the most vulnerable and unsuspecting victims† (The FBI, 2013). In this particular case, Gunn lured many minors into performing lewd acts via webcam and email. He had exploited large sums of teenage girls in various states that include Mississippi and Louisiana. He even stretched this heinous activity to some teenagers in Ireland. Cybercrimes include smallest crimes you could think of and the biggest crimes imaginative. Fraud is a cybercrime people use to commit anywhere from insurance scams and identity theft. Identity theft is a crime in which a person collects vital information from someone such as their social security number in order to pretend to be someone that they are obviously not. Just this one type of cybercrime is becoming more of a problem every day. Harassment is an example of cybercrime in which I consider to be bullying. This type of crime is done without much thought or consideration of the next person. Cybercrimes also include but are not limited to cyber stalking, cyber terrorism, drug trafficking, scamming, exchanging files of copyright material, and obscene or offensive content shared over the internet.